Benefits of Terpenes: Current Research Findings

Posted by TL Knowledge Team on 4th Feb 2023

Benefits of Terpenes: Current Research Findings

Terpenes are naturally occurring aromatic oils that give plants their distinct smells. When you smell the scent of sage, lavender, lemongrass or cannabis, you’ve smelled terpenes at work. Many plants contain terpenes, such as lavender, rosemary, mint and citrus plants all have terpenes. The oils secreted in the flower’s sticky resin glands, also appear in many other herbs, fruits, and plants and they play a significant role in their therapeutic use and medicinal properties.

Hundreds of different terpenes have been identified by scientists (cannabis alone contains several hundreds terpenes,) although researchers have only extensively studied a handful of these to identify their health benefits, such as myrcene, linalool, caryophyllene, limonene and pinene.

The fragrant terpene molecules which give plants, flowers, and trees their wide range of scents, from earthy and floral to citrusy are also good for your health. Research shows emotional and physical benefits of certain terpenes can be felt after using them.

Studies have shown that terpenes have direct physiological effects on the body, especially for terpenes with linalool and limonene. This means that linalool-rich terpenes are likely to have a calming effect, and to provide pain relief, while limonene-rich terpenes are likely to be mood-elevating. Each terpene has specific therapeutic properties that can make them beneficial for your mind and body. The aromas brought about by terpenes can help with physical stressors like normal inflammation, discomfort, and minor aches and pains, but can also aid in alleviating stress and promoting a relaxing and calm demeanour.

A study published in the Journal of Toxicological Research showed that naturally occurring terpenes have potential anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and neuroprotective affects on human health. Bright lemony flavours, for example, are known as an indicator of energy improvement, while more earthy tones are thought to help you relax. Although the full range of terpene benefits are in their early research days, stud- ies have shown that terpenes are beneficial to our health, either in the form or aroma therapy, or when working in synergy with THC and other cannabinoids. Terpenes have also been shown to reduce the intoxicating effects of THC when consumed together, upping its therapeutic value and contributing to the entourage effect.

There are about 400 known terpenes in cannabis alone, but experts have only linked a handful of them to specific effects. There is such a huge variety of terpenes, each with a unique aroma profile and purpose. 

TERPENE TYPES AND REPORTED EFFECTS

BETA-CARYOPHYLLENE

This terpene has been characterised by scientists as both a cannabinoid and a terpene, because unlike other terpenes, it behaves like a cannabinoid and directly activates endogenous cannabinoid receptors. Beta-caryophyllene is abundant in the hemp plant. It has a wide range of potential beneficial actions, most of which are based on its influence on inflammation. A major ingredient in cloves, rosemary, and hops, beta-caryophyllene is also beneficial for managing symptoms of anxiety and depression. 

BETA-PINENE  

If you’ve strolled through a pine forest, you know the smell of beta-pinene, which could also have potentially both anti-depressant and anti-cancer prop- erties. Pinene is also responsible for the “piney” aroma of certain hemp plants. 

ALPHA-HUMULENE  

This terpene is found in ginseng, which has long been used in folk medicine for energising effects. This terpene is dominant in hops. It’s also present in sage, clove, basil, black pepper, and carries a corresponding “hoppy” aroma. 

LIMONENE 

One of the most commonly found terpenes, limonene has distinct citrus notes and may potentially have anti-cancer properties. It may offer a synergistic effect with CBD to reduce occasional anxiety, and overall improve mood, based on preliminary research.

LINALOOL 

For people who like the calming effects of lavender as aromatherapy, they may want to seek out linalool-rich products, which may help alleviate stress. Linalool may have anticonvulsant and sedative properties. It also has been found to inhibit the growth of fungus in lab studies. This terpene is also found in rosewood, bergamot, coriander, rose, and jasmine. It produces a very pleasant floral aroma and is often used in soaps and perfumes. 

MYRCENE 

Myrcene is the most prevalent terpene in cannabis. It is known to have a strong sedative effect, and may also be an effective anti-inflammatory. Found in mangoes, myrcene has antifungal and antibacterial properties. It is most commonly associated with the signature “earthy” aroma found in most hemp plants. A 2015 study in cell-culture models indicated that myrcene may be helpful in slowing the degradation of cartilage and should be further re- searched for its effects on osteoarthritis. 

Overall, terpenes are a versatile and potentially beneficial group of compounds that can have a wide range of health benefits. Whether you are looking to reduce inflammation, manage stress and anxiety, or improve digestion and immunity, incorporating terpenes into your diet or skincare routine may be a helpful addition to your overall health and wellness plan. If you are interested in trying terpenes for their potential health benefits, be sure to consult with a healthcare provider or trusted expert to ensure safe and effective use.

For more information on the benefits of terpenes, you can take a look at the following research studies: